Tooth preservation or dental implants: a literature review

Abstract

This article focuses on a comparative analysis between tooth preservation and the use of dental implants, exploring the biological, mechanical, and functional interfaces of both therapeutic approaches. The main objective is to conduct a scientific literature review, assessing the specific advantages and limitations of each treatment modality within the field of Dentistry. The findings reveal significant differences between natural teeth and implants. Natural teeth exhibit superior characteristics in terms of vascularization (trimodal system), proprioception (presence of mechanoreceptors), and adaptive capacity (periodontal ligament). Although dental implants constitute an effective prosthetic solution, they present specific limitations, primarily due to the absence of the periodontal ligament and reduced proprioceptive capacity. The discussion delves into the analysis of tissue interfaces, emphasizing that the periodontal ligament in natural teeth ensures better distribution of masticatory forces, greater regenerative potential, and a more efficient immune response. The study highlights that, despite technological advancements in Implantology, preserving natural teeth, when feasible, tends to yield more predictable and biologically favorable long-term outcomes. It is concluded that therapeutic decisions should be based on an individualized assessment, considering biological, biomechanical, functional, and aesthetic factors. The study reinforces the importance of a conservative approach whenever possible, underlining that while dental implants represent a significant advancement in oral rehabilitation, they should be regarded as a secondary alternative to tooth preservation.