External and/or environmental factors that interfere in craniofacial growth and development

Abstract

The growth and development of craniofacial structures begin at fertilization and end only at the death of the individual. Growth is distinguished by the increase in size, shape, and weight of body structures; development is a set of growth, differentiation and specialization of these structures. There are factors associated with craniofacial growth and development, from genetic inheritance to external and environmental factors that influence the quality and quantity of tissue growth. To evaluate external and environmental factors that influence and interfere with the individual's craniofacial growth and development, from an orthodontic point of view. The process of craniofacial growth and development is linked to external and environmental factors that influence the quantitative and qualitative magnitude of tissues. The most common external causes found in the literature are the breathing pattern, non-nutritive sucking habits and nutritious sucking habits. The most common changes found are a change in the direction of mandibular growth, anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, presence of overjet, Class II malocclusion, change in muscle tone and breathing pattern. External and environmental factors influence and interfere with craniofacial growth and development. The degree of severity of these changes will depend on the frequency, intensity and duration of the habits. Early diagnosis is essential. The multidisciplinary work favors a better treatment and prognosis.